前言
Tomcat作为J2EE的开源实现,其代码具有很高的参考价值,我们可以从中汲取很多的知识。比如ClassLoader机制,设计模式等。本文只描述了环境搭配方法,具体的源码分析可以参考《How Tomcat Works》 一书。Tomcat现在都到9了,虽然该书是基于5.0但还是具有一定参考意义的。
一,准备工作
Tomcat的构建是基于Ant和Eclipse的,然而现在很多人都喜欢IDEA+Maven的项目构建方式,所以本文将基于这个环境来搭建源码的调试。我们需要以下工具:
Tomcat源码下载地址:https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.5.23/src/apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src.tar.gz
JDK:自然不用多提了,但是要按照所选源码要求的版本,这里用的是JDK8
安装和下载这些软件包就可以开始搭建调试环境了。
二,项目结构
- 新建一个目录,比如:D:\code\tomcat8,然后将tomcat8的源码解压至该目录
- 新建catalina-home目录,然后将apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src目录下的 conf文件夹拷贝到此处,该目录结构如下
除了conf目录其他都是可选的,webapps用于我们应用默认的部署目录,work logs是启动Tomcat自动生成的,其结构跟我们下载的二进制Tomcat程序是一样的. - 配置Maven依赖
我们采用module的形式来组织目录,首先在根目录(D:\code\tomcat8)下创建pom.xml,其内容如下:1
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15<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>gxf</groupId>
<artifactId>apache-tomcat-8</artifactId>
<name>apache-tomcat-8-source</name>
<version>1.0</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<modules>
<module>apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src</module>
</modules>
</project>
这里主要指定module为Tomcat的源码目录,然后在apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src配置Tomcat源码额外的依赖,在该目录创建pom.xml1
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78<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat</groupId>
<artifactId>Tomcat8.0</artifactId>
<name>Tomcat8.0</name>
<version>8.0</version>
<build>
<finalName>Tomcat8.0</finalName>
<sourceDirectory>java</sourceDirectory>
<testSourceDirectory>test</testSourceDirectory>
<resources>
<resource>
<directory>java</directory>
</resource>
</resources>
<testResources>
<testResource>
<directory>test</directory>
</testResource>
</testResources>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.0.2</version>
<configuration>
<encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
<source>1.8</source>
<target>1.8</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.easymock</groupId>
<artifactId>easymock</artifactId>
<version>3.5</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ant</groupId>
<artifactId>ant</artifactId>
<version>1.7.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>wsdl4j</groupId>
<artifactId>wsdl4j</artifactId>
<version>1.6.2</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.xml</groupId>
<artifactId>jaxrpc</artifactId>
<version>1.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.eclipse.jdt.core.compiler</groupId>
<artifactId>ecj</artifactId>
<version>4.6.1</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
至此基本的结构已经完成了
三,准备构建
使用IDEA打开项目
注意这里是直接打开项目,定位到D:\code\tomcat8,然后选择pom.xml,idea会自动识别Maven项目。这一部完成后IDEA开始下载MAVEN依赖包,完整的结构如下:
配置编译环境
说明:如果编译build的时候出现Test测试代码报错,删除该代码即可。本文中的Tomcat源码util.TestCookieFilter类会报错,将其删除即可。
1) 打开项目的Run/Debug配置界面,Main class设置为org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap
2) 添加VM options -Dcatalina.home=catalina-home -Dcatalina.base=catalina-home -Djava.endorsed.dirs=catalina-home/endorsed -Djava.io.tmpdir=catalina-home/temp -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.util.logging.config.file=catalina-home/conf/logging.properties
3) 选择module为Tomcat8.0(源码所在的module)
4) 点击Debug按钮启动程序
启动工程
我们点击调试按钮后发现会报错,如下:
原来是构建tomcat-jdbc的时候报错了,这里我们手动指定版本号就可以了,修改文件D:\code\tomcat8\apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src\modules\jdbc-pool\resources\MANIFEST.MF中的Bundle-Version: @VERSION@,把Bundle-Version: 8。这里的构建可能会有点卡顿。
好了,一切顺利项目启动成功了。1
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30"C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\bin\java" -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,address=127.0.0.1:55097,suspend=y,server=n -Dvisualvm.id=150866430461380 -Dcatalina.home=catalina-home -Dcatalina.base=catalina-home -Djava.endorsed.dirs=catalina-home/endorsed -Djava.io.tmpdir=catalina-home/temp -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djava.util.logging.config.file=catalina-home/conf/logging.properties -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\charsets.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\deploy.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\javaws.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\jce.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\jfr.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\jsse.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\plugin.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\resources.jar;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre\lib\rt.jar;D:\code\tomcat8\apache-tomcat-8.5.23-src\target\classes;C:\Users\gongxufan\.m2\repository\org\apache\ant\ant\1.7.0\ant-1.7.0.jar;C:\Users\gongxufan\.m2\repository\org\apache\ant\ant-launcher\1.7.0\ant-launcher-1.7.0.jar;C:\Users\gongxufan\.m2\repository\wsdl4j\wsdl4j\1.6.2\wsdl4j-1.6.2.jar;C:\Users\gongxufan\.m2\repository\javax\xml\jaxrpc-api\1.1\jaxrpc-api-1.1.jar;C:\Users\gongxufan\.m2\repository\org\eclipse\jdt\core\compiler\ecj\4.6.1\ecj-4.6.1.jar;D:\soft\IntelliJ IDEA 2017.1.4\lib\idea_rt.jar" org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap
Connected to the target VM, address: '127.0.0.1:55097', transport: 'socket'
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.684 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server version: Apache Tomcat/@VERSION@
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.691 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server built: @VERSION_BUILT@
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.691 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Server number: @VERSION_NUMBER@
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.692 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS Name: Windows 10
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.692 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log OS Version: 10.0
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.692 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Architecture: amd64
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.692 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Java Home: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\jre
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM Version: 1.8.0_111-b14
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_BASE: D:\code\tomcat8\catalina-home
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log CATALINA_HOME: D:\code\tomcat8\catalina-home
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,address=127.0.0.1:55097,suspend=y,server=n
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.693 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dvisualvm.id=150866430461380
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.home=catalina-home
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dcatalina.base=catalina-home
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.endorsed.dirs=catalina-home/endorsed
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.io.tmpdir=catalina-home/temp
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.manager=org.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Djava.util.logging.config.file=catalina-home/conf/logging.properties
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.694 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.VersionLoggerListener.log Command line argument: -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.695 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener.lifecycleEvent The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path: [C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\bin;C:\WINDOWS\Sun\Java\bin;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;D:\soft\oracle\bin;C:\Python27\;C:\Python27\Scripts;C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Program Files (x86)\ATI Technologies\ATI.ACE\Core-Static;D:\apache-maven-3.5.0\bin;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_111\bin;D:\soft\Git\cmd;C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.5\bin;D:\soft\AndroidStudio\sdk\tools;D:\soft\AndroidStudio\sdk\platform-tools;D:\soft\nodejs\;D:\soft\AndroidStudio\sdk\tools\bin;D:\soft\SVN\bin;D:\soft\AndroidStudio\app\gradle\gradle-3.2\bin;D:\soft\gradle-4.1\bin;C:\Users\gongxufan\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\gongxufan\AppData\Roaming\npm;;.]
20-Oct-2017 13:05:22.941 信息 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.226 信息 [main] org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorPool.getSharedSelector Using a shared selector for servlet write/read
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.230 信息 [main] org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol.init Initializing ProtocolHandler ["ajp-nio-8009"]
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.232 信息 [main] org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorPool.getSharedSelector Using a shared selector for servlet write/read
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.233 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.load Initialization processed in 1361 ms
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.290 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.startInternal Starting service [Catalina]
20-Oct-2017 13:05:23.290 信息 [main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.startInternal Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/@VERSION@
四,项目部署
项目启动完毕我们可以测试了,在浏览器访问http://localhost:8080/就可以看到我们经典的欢迎页面了。这里前提是要把源码目录下的webapps复制到catalina-home目录。
然而当访问JSP的时候却报错了,比如访问:http://localhost:8080/index.jsp或者我们自己的项目的时候会出现JSP无法编译的错误。1
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20java.lang.NullPointerException
at org.apache.jasper.JspCompilationContext.getTldResourcePath(JspCompilationContext.java:536)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Parser.parseTaglibDirective(Parser.java:410)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Parser.parseDirective(Parser.java:469)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Parser.parseElements(Parser.java:1430)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Parser.parse(Parser.java:139)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.ParserController.doParse(ParserController.java:227)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.ParserController.parse(ParserController.java:100)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Compiler.generateJava(Compiler.java:199)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Compiler.compile(Compiler.java:356)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Compiler.compile(Compiler.java:336)
at org.apache.jasper.compiler.Compiler.compile(Compiler.java:323)
at org.apache.jasper.JspCompilationContext.compile(JspCompilationContext.java:570)
at org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServletWrapper.service(JspServletWrapper.java:356)
at org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServlet.serviceJspFile(JspServlet.java:396)
at org.apache.jasper.servlet.JspServlet.service(JspServlet.java:340)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:725)
at org.wso2.carbon.ui.JspServlet.service(JspServlet.java:155)
at org.wso2.carbon.ui.TilesJspServlet.service(TilesJspServlet.java:80)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:725)
原因是我们直接启动org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap的时候没有加载org.apache.jasper.servlet.JasperInitializer,从而无法编译JSP。这在Tomcat6/7是没有这个问题的。解决办法是在tomcat的源码org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig中手动将JSP解析器初始化:context.addServletContainerInitializer(new JasperInitializer(), null);
至此,我们可以将项目直接放到Tomcat来启动调试了。本文描述的方式同样可以适用于其他版本(Tomcat6+)的Tomcat调试。
五,部署外部项目
默认情况下我们必须把应用程序部署到catalina-home/webapps下,如何直接部署访问外部的应用程序?我们只需要修改server.xml和web.xml配置即可。
1) 编辑catalina-home/conf/server.xml1
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18<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"
unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">
<!-- SingleSignOn valve, share authentication between web applications
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html -->
<!--
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.authenticator.SingleSignOn" />
-->
<!-- Access log processes all example.
Documentation at: /docs/config/valve.html
Note: The pattern used is equivalent to using pattern="common" -->
<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"
prefix="localhost_access_log" suffix=".txt"
pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" />
<Context path="/easyshare-web" reloadable="true" debug="0" docBase="D:\code\work\easyshare2017\easyshare-web\target\easyshare-web-1.0-SNAPSHOT" workDir="D:\code\work\easyshare2017\easyshare-web\target\easyshare-web-1.0-SNAPSHOT\work" crossContext="true" >
</Context>
</Host>
在Host节点增加Context配置,path是我们访问项目时的contextPath,docBase设置为外部应用程序的绝对路径,workDir为jsp编译结果存放路径,这里是指为docBase/work
2) 编辑catalina-home/conf/web.xml(一般不需要这个步骤,如果第一步出现404再尝试开启)1
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13<servlet>
<servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>debug</param-name>
<param-value>0</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>listings</param-name>
<param-value>true</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
这里将listings改为true,这个参数控制当访问的资源是物理目录时,是否列出该目录下的文件,为了安全默认是禁止的。
可见,如果在浏览器中输入的资源是一个目录,那么就会列出该目录下的文件,这样是不安全的,所以默认是禁止的。其代码在org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet中实现:1
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39if (resource.isDirectory()) {
if (!path.endsWith("/")) {
doDirectoryRedirect(request, response);
return;
}
// Skip directory listings if we have been configured to
// suppress them
if (!listings) {
response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_FOUND,
request.getRequestURI());
return;
}
contentType = "text/html;charset=UTF-8";
} else {
if (!isError) {
if (useAcceptRanges) {
// Accept ranges header
response.setHeader("Accept-Ranges", "bytes");
}
// Parse range specifier
ranges = parseRange(request, response, resource);
// ETag header
response.setHeader("ETag", eTag);
// Last-Modified header
response.setHeader("Last-Modified", lastModifiedHttp);
}
// Get content length
contentLength = resource.getContentLength();
// Special case for zero length files, which would cause a
// (silent) ISE when setting the output buffer size
if (contentLength == 0L) {
serveContent = false;
}
}
当访问的资源是一个物理目录时,会根据listings的值来判断是否列出目录下的文件列表。